Hard Disk info.
First,open up terminal from Applications/Accessories/Terminal,and run:

sudo hdparm /dev/sda

Output:

/dev/sda:
 multcount     = 16 (on)
 IO_support    =  0 (default)
 readonly      =  0 (off)
 readahead     = 256 (on)
 geometry      = 19457/255/63, sectors = 312581808, start = 0

CPU info.

cat /proc/cpuinfo

Output example:

processor	: 0
vendor_id	: AuthenticAMD
cpu family	: 15
model		: 95
model name	: AMD Athlon(tm) 64 Processor 3000+
stepping	: 2
cpu MHz		: 1799.564
cache size	: 512 KB
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 1
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt rdtscp lm 3dnowext 3dnow up rep_good extd_apicid pni cx16 lahf_lm svm extapic cr8_legacy
bogomips	: 3599.12
TLB size	: 1024 4K pages
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management: ts fid vid ttp tm stc

CPU Temperature
Option 1:

cat /proc/acpi/thermal_zone/THRM/temperature

This requires kernel modules support,and enable this in kernel option.
Option 2:
Install lm-sensors:

sudo apt-get install lm-sensors

Then run:

sensors-detect

there will be some questions and you can answer them all YES.
Now,use this command and you will get cpu temperature:

sensors
k8temp-pci-00c3
Adapter: PCI adapter
Core0 Temp:  +44.0°C
Core1 Temp:  +34.0°C